Introduction: definitions, purposes of models, and types of models - Mathematical modeling: purposes,types,andmodelingmethodology(problemdefinition,modelconstruction andmodel analysis,validation,interpretationofresults,andimplementation)- Curve fitting- Compartmental models-Populationdynamicsmodels-Mathematicalmodelofcontinuouscultureofmicroorganisms- Theprinciplesof conservationandanalogy(mechanical, electrical,fluid,andthermalsystems)& applications-Musclemodel-Humanthermoregulationmodel-Theprinciplesofsimulation.