1. The Physical background of range lands (arid and semi-arid). Range land Ecology.2. The resource base of range lands (water, vegetation, soils, climate, wildlife, etc), resource utilization, development and management in range lands. 3. Population, land tenure, indigenous knowledge in resource management, community participation, technological advances to resource development in range lands.4. Approaches to sustainable range land management (irrigation, woodland management, wildlife assessment and management, etc)